WiFi that just works with multiple mounted access points. Symmetric 1000 Mbps symmetric gigabit Internet. Centrally managed enterprise network gear. Pulling new CAT6 while dealing with old CAT3 in a condo.

This is my story, long overdue, about some of the experiences, challenges, and information about the connectivity tech I enjoyed at home. I love not having to worry about my WiFi ever having issues, even in the dense city, thanks to enterprise-grade gear.

In Seattle we're lucky to have broad access in apartments/condominiums to gigabit Internet from providers such as Wave G (a.k.a. CondoInternet). Having a zippy connection without bandwidth caps means that I'm free to stream 4K content, backup my on-premise storage to the cloud, and not worry about keeping operating system installation disc images around.

My building's gigabit is provided by a 10G fiber link to a data center just a few blocks away, which then has its own 40G link to classic peering location in Seattle - . Our rooftop also has several 60GHz millimeter wave radio links, available either as backup or to serve nearby buildings. In this post I wanted to share how that infrastructure is deployed in my condo building.

With fiber to our building there are minimal hops between major cloud providers and big networks thanks to the many peering opportunities in downtown Seattle. The Westin Building Exchange carrier hotel/colo is home to the important non-profit Seattle Internet Exchange, moving terabits per second, with a transparent approach that lets you peek at their stats, story and customers.

Having fast Internet creates pressure to be able to move a lot of packets to take advantage of the speed, and that's where enterprise-grade managed network equipment comes in. There's a lot of value in the data and featureset of the UniFi line from Ubiquiti Networks when it comes to routing, switching, and access points.

I've been running a Ubiquiti network at home for over 2 years and have been very happy with that investment.

Finally, I wanted to document some of the challenges with old CAT3 and pulling new pulling CAT6 within the constraints of my condo building, mostly to share my pain.

Apologies in advance, this post is full of up-optimized images and is much too long.

Disclaimer:
I'm a tech enthusiast in this space but don't represent any of the companies mentioned. While my initial Ubiquiti buildout in Feb. 2016 was my own, in Dec. 2017 I was provided a demo AC-HD access point to evaluate. I've since purchased my own AC-HD.

4/15/18 update:
Through follow-up conversations on Twitter following this post, I discovered something amazing: our building was originally provided Internet through millimeter wave, and still has it as a backup and to provide coverage to other nearby buildings, but our building is actually connected directly through a 10 Gigabit fiber link. Cool!

4/16/18 update:
Wave G (Spectrum and family) actually has at least 1x 100 Gbit fiber connection to the SIX, soon to have a second.

Wave G / CondoInternet

Even today, I remember a conversation with my friend Alex a decade ago when 15 Mbps down, 2 Mbps up cable Internet was a common offering from Comcast and competitors, and if you used DSL, it'd be even slower.

Alex (in 2008): "My apartment building just got CondoInternet. 100 Mbps up and down, no caps or contracts."

Jeff: "That's hard to believe, that's like what I had in my university dorm room, but no commercial providers offer that sort of speed. There must be caps or something. It can't be that fast!"

Alex: "It's true, and I hear you can also get a 1000 Mbps connection. This is the future."

Alex was right, I was wrong. If you live in an apartment or condo in Seattle, chances are you're reading this via your Wave G connection, but for those that are not familiar with the service, this is a primer.

Wave G, formerly known as CondoInternet before being acquired by the Wave conglomerate, was founded a decade ago by techies who ran their own wholesale bandwidth business and wanted to have fast Internet at home in their condos.

Today, the Wave G gigabit product is the gold standard for everyone from tech employees working from home to being the best ISP in town to stream content with. It's basically the opposite of Comcast: no contracts, no upward pricing pressure, quick service, no cable modem required, no bundling.

If your multi-family building is connected to Wave G (hundreds are), often you only need to make a phone call and patch your unit's home run network cable to your router or computer.

From the home run, a nearby comms closet holds Wave G's managed switch equipment, at which point you're on their network: fiber from our building runs to a nearby data center, then Seattle's central peering fiber hotel.

Locations

Wave G is available today in several cities in Western Washington including Seattle, Bellevue and Everett; Portland, Oregon; and in California, Roseville and then San Francisco all the way to San Jose.

There's some competition, too - while Wave acquired a previous similar company, Cascadelink, Google Fiber's Webpass is available in the neighborhood, and I'm seeing more expansion there. Wave was recently purchased by a leveraged buyout and investment firm, TPG Capital, and I'm interesting to see what happens to the service. Hopefully no change.

Pricing

If you pay for gigabit, Wave G configures your switch port for full duplex 1000 Mbps negotiation; otherwise your link will negotiate to 100 Mbps.

The pricing as far as I can remember has been $60/month for 100 Mbps or $80/month for 1000 Mbps. A few years ago gigabit was double the price of the hundred megs, so there was a price reduction.

Most of the web is slow...

While you can stream 4K content just fine without buffering, or download an OS image in seconds, at home you don't really need a gigabit connection for most daily web tasks (yet).

While just under 1000 Mbps is the theoretical gigabit maximum, most web sites and cloud services aren't going to be able to make full use of your connection in a sustained manner. Large files hosted on CDNs should be quick at least:

Having gigabit at least feels like a key requirement to experiment with 4K content, keeping all your storage in the cloud, VR, and other up-and-coming advancements.

Wave G's network

Once your home is connected to Wave G's network, they have their own efficient gear that connects to their fiber, eventually peering with others inside data centers and nearby colo facilities like the Westin Building Exchange (WBX) and the Seattle Internet Exchange (SIX), providing short hops and low latency. Buildings near ours connect to the 10 Gbit fiber backhaul our building has underground using millimeter wave radios on the roof of our building.

This is where the original Condo Internet company took advantage of their parent company, Spectrum Networks, and their wholesale bandwidth offerings and connectivity.

From my home network, my CAT6 networked machines get sub-millisecond - to - 1ms ping times to Google, Microsoft, and all the major modern Internet services, just a few hops away...

890-940 Mbps typical test speeds

Testing with SpeedTest.net I'll usually see download speeds between 850-950 Mbps depending on the test site selected, and interestingly, my upload speeds are usually measured consistently around 950 Mbps.

In my home, only wired equipment experiences the full potential of this connectivity, since WiFi is very dense in my neighborhood - lots of interference means that devices individually often connect at a slower line rate.

According to Netflix's fast.com, when I recently checked, my connection was approximated to 920 Mbps. Fast.com does a nice job of estimating various data sources to find a number that represents how your Netflix experience should be.

Fiber backbone

While many buildings in Wave G's network are connected by millimeter wave rooftop connections, our building has a 10G fiber connection. Our building also has rooftop millimeter wave dishes to serve other nearby buildings that do not have fiber runs.

If you look out from our tower's roof toward Elliott Bay, you can see a few of the other nearby buildings that we connect to:

Turning around and facing downtown Seattle, looking across the Belltown neighborhood, there are many rooftop sites, likely all part of the Wave G network:

Our roof has 6+ BridgeWave 60GHz millimeter wave radios. Each of these antennas provides a 1 Gbps full-duplex encrypted link between locations, essentially a large private mesh network.

In our building's garage basement, that network connects to the 10 Gigabit backbone network that Spectrum networks and Wave G runs.

Static IPv4, IPv6 blocks

I don't actually know the latest on this story (whether it's a monthly or a one-time charge now), but when I requested my static IP years ago, it was a one-time $15 fee for a static static IPv4 address, and now I also have my own IPv6 block.

When moving between buildings and units, I've needed to get a new static IP address, but have been happy with the great support experience in requesting those changes and coordinating my moves.

Great tech support

I've never experienced a large outage, but when I was first setting up my connection, due to the CAT3 wiring to my unit, I was only able to get 100 Mbps connection to the carrier switch.

Wave G's primary equipment has commercial UPS units present, and the switching gear throughout the building runs off of the emergency generator circuit in our building.

When I first moved to my condo, I had a tech come out to help me look into why I was only able to get a 100 Mbps connection, and in the end I learned a lot about CAT3 and the heavy signal degradation I was experiencing. (More about my CAT3 woes later in this post)

The tech even came out with a box of CAT5e cable in case we wanted to pull a new home run to my unit. Appreciate the enthusiasm and free support.

Easy activation

Since there are no contracts, and so many multi-family buildings are already wired for Wave G - with a switch near you - it's easy to get going.

If your unit has been served by Wave G in the past, chances are you have an Ethernet jack in your unit that is still patched into to their switch, with a disabled port. This can be remotely reactivated once you establish an account.

I've lived in 3 different buildings with Wave G service in the past, and in all cases was able to get up and running over the phone or quickly after signing up for the service.

If your unit hasn't been served by them in the past, there are a few different scenarios, but they all play out quickly by a tech:

• Your unit's cable may need to be punched down or patched to a Wave G switch port
• Your unit's interior network closet may need to get patched to the Wave G uplink
• You may need to have an existing telephone jack converted to a CAT6 keystone jack (if you're served by CAT3, which was my case)
• You might need a VDSL or other device to handle very old wiring (probably more rare today)

A valuable building amenity

I made it a point while looking to purchase a home that I know what current Internet offerings available for each potential property.

I'm surprised that more apartment rental ads and real estate listings don't clearly call out that they are served by a gigabit Internet provider beyond the cable company. I still meet fellow tech employees and residents in my building who aren't aware of how great the offering is.

One other small branding issue - when Wave renamed Condo Internet to Wave G, I've found that some of my building's residents believe that Wave G is the same thing as the Wave cable/coax-based broadband product.

I try to tell them that Wave G is an amazing product, great connectivity and all.

Seems worth highlighting, similar to letting people know that your property is within walking distance of a Microsoft Connector bus stop for employees.

Building infrastructure

Having helped maintain and upgrade some of our building's tech, I'm familiar with its communication infrastructure. Here's how our building's communications equipment works.

The Main Distribution Frame (MDF) is located 3 levels below ground (the "C level garage") in the core of our high-rise tower. The MDF is where the phone company, multiple cable companies, and other services come together. For Wave G, this is where they have installed their core switching equipment, fiber splices, and UPS backup.

Here's our MDF:

From left to right::

• traditional telephone provider
• various business phone lines
• fire equipment
• VoIP lines and our building's private network
• Comcast coax cable
• Wave G network rack
• Wave G fiber underground run from a nearby data center
• Wave Broadband coax cable
• DirecTV cable

Focusing on Wave G, from the MDF, fiber and CAT5 runs in 3 directions: the fiber splits off - it runs up 15 floors to the rooftop, another connects hundreds of feet away to the other tower in our building, into its first communications room, and the backbone comes from an armored fiber run that goes several blocks away to the data center at 3101 Western Ave.

Within the core of the building, telco rooms alternate with power generation and electric meter utility rooms as you move up the risers. The communication rooms are also known as Intermediate Distribution Frame (IDF) rooms.

The IDFs are a mess, mostly the cable companies who leave the rooms full of splitters and amplifiers. I respect the contractors who visit and leave the IDF cleaner than they found 'em!

Here's the IDF on my floor... from left to right: a panel where the fiber and some network cabling goes up to the rooftop, Comcast, some of our building's private network cable, Wave G equipment and switch, traditional telco, individual unit CAT3 patch panels, coax and other equipment, and a bunch of messy coax splitters and amplifiers.

Each unit in our building has a choice between multiple providers, so a unit's coax cable connects to either Comcast, Wave broadband, or DirecTV in the IDF.

The network home run for our units is a single CAT3 6-pair cable that can carry both network signals and POTS. Wave G patch cable is then punched into the network terminals for customer units.

Here's a closer look at the short patch runs from the switch down to the CAT3 patch panels:

From the punchdown panels, the cables for all the units run to the ceiling and then into conduit embedded in the concrete slab.

Seattle's Internet connectivity

Not counting my favorite Azure data center where I spend a lot of my days virtually, the Pacific Northwest's Internet gravity is at the edge of Belltown, at the corner of Virginia Street and 6th Avenue... not because of the thousands of Amazonians looking for lunch around there every day, but because of the Westin Building office tower next to the Westin hotel.

The Westin Building, named for the corporate headquarters of the Westin hotel chain (before they were purchased by Starwood Hotels and then a much more boring hotel conglomerate), is an office building turned carrier and fiber hotel.

From my condo building we have fiber to a data center a few blocks away at 3101 Western Ave - home of the NYI SEA1 DC - and Wave / Spectrum has multiple fiber connections to the Westin Building from there, at least one of which is a 100 Gbit connection. Spectrum is also an extension member of the Seattle Internet Exchange hosted in the Westin Building.

Westin Building Exchange

Today the 34-story Westin Building is mostly colo space, tons of network gear and fiber, and I can only imagine the building's bandwidth, as they are home to over 200 ISPs. According to the Westin Building Exchange datasheet, they have over 19.5 megawatts of backup generation available from 17 diesel generators.

While a lot of the classic hosters and companies are located here, an example of the scale is Equinix, a major connectivity company: their SE2 data center is located within the Westin Building, and a few years ago they built an orange/concrete-colored 8-story building, SE3, located right next door to the Westin Building's garage... and Palace Kitchen. Tasty.

Seattle Internet Exchange (SIX)

The Seattle Internet Exchange (SIX) has a cool story... as a non-profit that is now more than 20 years old, they offer the community a great service by peering terabits of traffic. They started out in a small closet in the Westin Building.

SIX is completely transparent, their website is full of near real-time graphs of their aggregate traffic, lists of all their peering members, etc. Really do go check out the SIX statistics page now. While you're at it, I also enjoyed a YouTube video about SIX with Jared Reimer that helps share some of this story from a conference.

The story about SIX is that a few engineers were super frustrated to find that they were seeing "a 111ms round trip time between 2 companies on the very same 19th floor of the Westin Exchange"... turns out their traffic was going from the 19th floor... to Texas... back to the 19th floor of the building. Peering sure could help.

As of 2017 they had 284 participants in the exchange who pay a one-time reasonable fee for their port; today at peak they aggregate over a terabit of traffic, and their members have over 4 Tbps of capacity.

Here's their topology, including the switch equipment and models.

If you happen to be sitting nearby to SIX, they do not charge monthly port connection fees, just the one-time... $100 for a 1000 Mbps port, $2,000 for 10 GbE, and $10,000 for 40 GbE or 100 GbE SFP modules.

Since they are very transparent in all things, you can review the whole list or this list and that list of the companies and providers who peer with them, including:

• Amazon
• Dropbox
• Facebook
• Google
• GitHub
• Microsoft
• Netflix

Having all the cloud computing providers close is great. Wave G / Spectrum is part of the SIX extension and has a 100 Gbps port between its network and SIX, soon to be more.

If I traceroute from my home to a VM I have in Azure, I see just a hops, each a millisecond or two at most:

1. My UniFi router
2. My building's router
3. Wave G / Spectrum network
4. Seattle Internet Exchange router
5. Microsoft's network edge at the Seattle Internet Exchange
6. A few hops around Microsoft

If I trace the route to Google, they peer directly with Spectrum, so it's even fewer hops to them (8 hops from my PC to 8.8.8.8).

Ubiquiti UniFi

With a very fast Internet connection comes the responsibility of managing your home network with a mind toward simplicity, performance, and awesomeness.

While many customers of CondoInternet enjoy the typical consumer gear - Asus, Linksys, Apple - it makes sense to invest in business-grade equipment that will last longer, offer advanced features, and be able to move as many packets as possible.

I invested in a set of Ubiquiti Networks gear in 2016 after deciding I had had enough with consumer WiFi equipment. I had a decent Cisco managed switch sitting behind an Asus router, and an Apple AirPort Extreme acting as an additional AP. Nothing fit together, I had to reboot the router constantly, and I knew there had to be something better out there.

While I first adopted their EdgeRouter PoE device, and appreciated its declarative configuration story, I found myself wanting the integrated experience and dashboards that the Ubiquiti UniFi line of enterprise WiFi systems" had.

Today my home network is built from:

• UniFi Security Gateway Pro
• UniFi 24-port 250W PoE switch
• 2x UniFi UAP AC-HD Access Points
• UniFi 8-port PoE switch
• UniFi CloudKey

With 2 years of experience with UniFi, I must say, I am a very happy customer, as evidenced by the build-outs I've done in my unit, in my building at large, convinced friends to do, and yes, my Twitter feed. I love their stuff!

I enjoyed reading Troy Hunt's post; also, a shoutout to Clint Rutkas for sharing his experience - he embarked on a similar journey around the same time as I did, and I know many of my coworkers at Microsoft also have great Ubiquiti experiences.

I absolutely love the advanced features that Ubiquiti offers at in easy-to-use manner. From VLAN tagging to multiple wireless networks, guest network features and advanced connectivity options, its all there.

So, what are some of the components, features, and so on?

Rackmount

A favorite of mine is that the UniFi line has a silver distinctive finish that looks great in a home media rack.

While the Security Gateway Pro router that I have is rackmount-only, the Security Gateway model does a great job for home use and is tiny, like a simple network switch.

The UniFi 8-port switches are desktop friendly, and with the 16-port switches you have a choice of included rack ears for mounting or keeping it on a shelf or desktop. The 24+ switches are rackmount only.

UniFi CloudKey Controller

All of your UniFi equipment's managed through the central UniFi controller. While you could install the controller software on a notebook or a server, the best route to go is to pick up the UniFi CloudKey - that way you can avoid having to install the Java runtime. The CloudKey has the controller installed on it and then you can access the management website from anywhere.

Instead of independently configuring your router's via its IP address and its portal, then the same for your managed switches, everything is consistent in the controller.

Think of the CloudKey as the best $100 investment in the UniFi lineup, saving you from Java. It's a nice, small PoE-powered Raspberry Pi-like server. Here is the key attached to a simple rack tray.

Here's a look at the home screen in the controller, where you can see overall site status, stats on connected devices, throughput.

Devices view

All of the UniFi network devices that are a part of your network site appear within the 'Devices' page.

Device adoption

New devices need to be "adopted" into your managed network. In this "devices" view of my home UniFi network, you can see:

• My USG Security Gateway Pro (router)
• Multiple UniFi managed switches
• An access point
• A new UniFi AP AC-HD access point that is ready to be adopted
• A disconnected/disabled device - an old access point (that I was replacing in this screenshot)

Here's my condo building's security camera and office network - it has more devices, and I've opened up the details for one of the PoE switches in this view.

For each connected port, you get high-level status, information about whether it is powered by PoE, and then a summary for the device - stats including how long it's been up, what version of the UniFi firmware it is running, overall power consumption and temperature.

WAN config

The security gateway can be configured with multiple WAN connections, in case you need redundant providers.

Configuring a switch

Access point properties

For each access point you can configure the various wireless networks that should be broadcast by the AP, radio settings, and get an idea of the RF utilization near the device.

Clients view

Within the controller you can drill down into the client view that shows you individual devices that have connected.

For each device you can learn how it is connected to the network, whether a switch port or a specific wireless network, its current activity level and stats, and how long it has been on the network.

You can filter and sort the view by type of connection or other properties.

You can also manually add clients or view all configured clients if you are managing devices that have static IPs, specific tags or properties, but are currently not connected.

This view is of the clients connected to my condo building's private network (this is not my home network). It has more clients connected so looks more interesting.

On the right side, there's a panel open taking a look at one of the UniFi PoE switches on the network and also one of the access points - you can have multiple configuration panels open at once to maintain your productivity in managing the site.

Events

A rolling stream of events can be accessed within the UniFi Controller, and I also have these events streamed to a remote syslog server running on my network-attached storage server.

It's especially interesting to watch access points that experience interference and need to switch channels and watch clients come and go.

Topology

While my home network is rather simple - a router, a primary switch, two access points and a switch under my desk, the topology view for the UniFi network is super interesting and helpful when building out larger networks.

By being able to visualize the network, understand which ports are uplinks and downlinks, the channels in use by various access points, all in one place is super.

You can toggle link labels and clients on/off.

Switch stats

Similar to the topology view, there are multiple ways to dig through the data regarding your switch ports. In the Switch Stats view you can see aggregate stats for individual ports over time, the name and type of connection for the client connected to a port, etc.

For any individual switch, you can always see the summary of its ports and types of connections from any part of the UniFi UI.

VPN

Lots of great VPN support is of course built into the UniFi Security Gateway.

Remote VPN

Being able to remotely connect via L2TP is nice to let me get to my home network and its devices from anywhere in the world, whether that's my iPhone, a notebook computer somewhere, etc.

It's easy to setup and configure, and the latest release of the UniFi controller software has a built-in RADIUS server - so for me, I've found it even easier than before, when I used to run a RADIUS server on my network storage server instead.

Site-to-site VPN

Although I no longer utilize it, I used to run an Azure site-to-site VPN connection between my local network and my personal vnet in the cloud. This made it super simple to connect to and debug a Kubernetes cluster I was experimenting with.

Virtual LANs

I make use of VLAN tagging to keep my guest network separate from my primary network, and also to separate most of my "Internet of Things" connections from my other gear.

UniFi Access Points

Power over Ethernet makes it super simple to add access points exactly where you want them, instead of where it's close to your Internet router or cable modem.

The only job of an AP is to make wireless happen; being able to offload that from the router makes diagnostics easier.

Here's one of the access points I've installed along an edge of a kitchen living area. Plenum CAT6 runs through the soffit to where the access point is mounted on the wall.

In a bedroom, I have installed another access point.

Wall or ceiling mount

UniFi Access Points (UAP) are easy to mount to the wall or ceiling.

While I would love to have this mounted on the ceiling for the best reception and range, my ceiling is concrete, so no options there without running exposed CAT6 or conduit along the ceiling.

While you could mount the access point around a low voltage old work box or near a CAT6 keystone, I've chosen to keep a service loop of CAT6 in the wall and then simply attached a CAT6 end that I've poked through the wall.

The access point rotates onto the base frame, and to remove it, you can use a paperclip or removal tool to wedge tab and allow you to rotate the AP.

LED indicator light

At the site-wide level you can toggle LED indicator lights on and off, and then per Ubiquiti device, you can configure whether to override that setting by forcing the LED on or off.

The soft blue glow when the access point may be nice in a business setting or a living room to indicate that the connectivity is good, but I have chosen to turn off the glow in my other location in a bedroom.

The indicator light can also illuminate in different colors and patterns if it is upgrading firmware, having connectivity issues, etc.

Pro mounting system

While installing some access points in shared community areas of my condo building, I discovered the UniFi Professional Mounting System which is a $9 precision-crafted bracket.

We've used this system in our parking garage to easily mount to j-boxes on the ceiling.

In the above photo, on the left: the bracket mounted to a 4"x4" square junction box. Flexible conduit attaches to the j-box and CAT6 runs through it into the box and then through the hole to be plugged into the AP. On the right, the access point once mounted and powered up via PoE with its signature blue glow.

The brackets are a fair value and have holes for traditional wall mount, T-bar ceiling mounts (common commercial drop ceilings), 3.5" round j-boxes, 4" square j-boxes, 1-gang outlet boxes, 4" round j-boxes, and European outlet boxes.

Configuring WiFi networks

You can configure several WiFi networks, for your corporate or private use, guests, and other purposes.

With VLAN tagging, the ability to configure different auth profiles, you can setup a more advanced RADIUS-backed network for yourself, then let everyone else use a more general traffic network when they visit.

While I don't use the guest portal features, there's a whole system to setup accepting payments, generating use tokens, etc., if you feel the urge to start a cybercafe.

Neighboring access point data

One of the unfortunate side effects of living in the city is that you are competing with hundreds of other access points, wireless devices, even radar.

If I open my Mac and try and pick a wireless connection, there are hundreds to scroll through.

The UniFi controller is also always collecting data on neighboring access points. In the past they called this the "Rogue AP report", but it was renamed.

I could imagine a business using this to keep tabs on whether people are bringing their own wireless access points or routers into the corporate environment, but in a city, it's mostly interesting to just get a bird's eye view of how much connectivity is around.

I regularly see 200-300 access points listed in this report.

RF environment

If you are OK to take an access point offline for a few minutes, UniFi APs are able to perform a scan of the 2G and 5G wireless utilization around that access point. This can be very helpful in planning how to allocate channels and diagnose performance issues.

Here's a side-by-side of the 2G and 5G environment in my main living area. The 2G wireless spectrum is almost entirely bogged down by all of the competing devices, but the 5G channels are much more readily available.

I must use 5GHz wireless devices as much as possible!

UAP AC-HD Upgrade

In late 2017 I moved to the UAP AC-HD and have been very happy with this beefier access point. A swap-in replacement for the UAP AC Pro, it can reuse the pro's mounting bracket, making it a very quick swap out.

The HD access points are 802.11ac Wave 2 MU‑MIMO (Multi‑User, Multiple Input, Multiple Output) devices, designed to support tons of clients. For me, I believe this helps me better cut through the noise and still get decent performance in the interference-ridden city.

Comparing specs, the pro has a radio rate 450 Mbps (2.4 GHz) and 1300 Mbps (5 GHz), the HD has respective rates of 800 Mbps and 1733 Mbps max.

The units are physically larger; here's an overhead shot of the UAP AC HD on the left of the previous UAP AC Pro model.

And a side view shows that the AC HD does protrude more from the mounting surface.

After upgrading to the UAP AC-HD, I'm able to get 400 Mbps+ from my wireless devices, where before I was more often in the 140 Mbps range.

Getting 400+ up an down over WiFi is quite an accomplishment for me, with all the interference in the city, this is about the most that I've ever been able to maintain beyond the wired network.

UniFi deep packet inspection

If you turn deep packet inspection (DPI) on, you begin to collect statistics and all sorts of interesting information about how your WAN connection is being used by clients.

At a high level, in aggregate, you'll be able to learn where your household or business spends a lot of time, and at the individual client connection level, you can get summary stats there, too.

Since many web sites and services are encrypted these days (a good thing!), you end up with some easily identified sources of data and then a lot falls by the wayside... most sites are just "encrypted", and then the really big cloud services and streaming services I think are identified by IP range/bucket:

• 406 GB of HTTP over TLS (encrypted web traffic, could be nearly any site)
• 216 GB of HBO streaming
• 193 GB of Netflix
• 130 GB of SSL/TLS
• 51 GB of YouTube

If I select a client from the clients view, like my Apple TV, I can then see its individualized totals...

Fan noise

The higher-end PoE and security gateway products are not quiet. They aren't really designed for my use case - home office, media cabinet.

If sound is an issue, do note that the 8-port PoE switch would be a great product to buy if you want quiet, and the standard Security Gateway is very nice, too.

I replaced the Ubiquiti stock fans with Noctua's quiet fans. It's very quiet now, though my warranty is probably void.

Condo wiring

Many condos today are built with at least a modern Ethernet network in mind, so when they pull coax to the media jacks in the unit, they also pull CAT5e or CAT6.

These then terminate in a structured media cabinet (SMC) enclosure embedded in a wall. Usually made by Leviton, they tend to be in an office or by the electrical panel.

Here's one from a condo I used to live in at Hotel 1000 / Madison Tower in Seattle. Pretty good work was done, and I was able to add a CAT6 patch panel to the SMC to easily build a wired network in that unit. The SMC has:

• A simple map of the unit and the jack identifiers
• CAT5e punch-down block
• Simple switch for the VOIP phone system
• Unterminated coax running to all the wall plates
• Terminated CAT5e (though not patched to wall jacks)
• Home runs from the various providers

The building I live in was built in 2003, a time when CAT5 or CAT5e would be an entirely common cabling choice, but ... yeah, I wasn't so lucky. While I was aware of this before closing my real estate transaction, this isn't the sort of thing that is a deal breaker.

Even worse than not having an SMC were 2 other things: the home run to my unit was not modern network cable, and also that the units in my building were not built with network drops running throughout the units!

Office rack

My network terminates in the office/media closet: a simple small rack that houses the UniFi network equipment, UPS, storage, media and IoT systems.

The CAT6 I've pulled through my walls terminates into keystone jacks along the closet ceiling, and then patch cables connect to the switch.

This was different than a more traditional commercial termination where you might bring the network bundles together to a patch panel in the rack itself. This way, if and when I move out, the keystone jacks will be able to stay as-is.

Getting here took a lot of time and effort...

CAT3

My building's developer was cheap, and unfortunately that means that we were cursed with Category 3 (CAT3) cable daisy-chained throughout the individual unit, running all the way from the telecommunication room through to the last RJ11 jack in the unit after being terminated at 5 wall plates along the way.

Not knowing the intentions of the developer, my guess is that they saw CAT3 as a great way to save money when building out 200 units... while our original building electrical plan includes reference to structured media centers and network cable, all we got was CAT3.

What's CAT3? According to wikipedia, it "was widely used in computer networking in the early 1990s for 10BASE-T Ethernet".

My building used 6-pair CAT3 (12 conductors), the idea being that it was a compromise: you could offer a 10/100 network potentially alongside traditional telephone service on the same cable.

Home run: risky to replace

A conundrum with the CAT3 run between my unit and the IDF runs through 1/4" flex conduit that's embedded in the concrete slab of the ceiling. It isn't an entirely straight shot.

While it does have a pull string, preliminary testing and planning to replace the CAT3 with 2x CAT6 cables indicates that there may be snags or other obstacles in the conduit.

The risk: trying to replace the CAT3 could risk being left without phone or Internet service to the unit. The decision was to not try and replace it at all.

CAT3: Terminating daisy chain

For units in my building, the daisy chain design means that at most you can punch down a single network jack in the unit, and in the name of not making large alterations to units, this means that when Condo Internet first came by to install their service for a previous owner of my unit, they punched down the jack without terminating the CAT3 cable there...

As a result, by my estimates after poking around inside the walls, the length of the CAT3 wire being used was:

• 60 feet from the IDF to the conduit termination in the ceiling above my kitchen
• 15 feet from the conduit to a blank wall plate and junction box in a closet
• 300 feet from the j-box past 4 RJ11 jacks and a few rooms
• The office Ethernet jack
• 150 feet of additional cable past 2 RJ11 jacks

This means an effective cable distance of 525 feet, likely leading to cross-talk or general signal degradation. Higher-grade CAT6 spec cable should only be run 328 ft. (100 m).

My link was therefore negotiating to 100 Mbps full duplex. Not horrible, but also not 1000 Mbps, and not as future-friendly.

I went into experimentation mode and tested punching down network jacks at all the RJ11 jacks in the unit to see what my network test equipment would say for distance, as well as the negotiated link quality with Condo Internet, and nothing improved much.

This is not your standard T56B coloring, by the way, since the orange and blue pairs are used for POTS.

At one of the closer jacks in terms of cable distance, I finally was able to get a full duplex 1000 Mbps connection negotiated, but then the connection was rather poor: speed test results around 200 Mbps, lots of dropped packets, etc.

Back at the original blank wall plate (where a structured media cabinet really should've been), I decided to clip and terminate the 4 pairs of network wire right there.

While not clean, you'll see that this 2-gang junction box is stuffed with the coax splitter and cables, CAT3 cable, and now I've added to it keystone jacks for CAT6 I later pulled. This lets me tap into whichever segment I need.

I connected my Asus router I was using as a test, turned it on, and was happy to discover a 1000 Mbps full duplex gigabit connection to Condo Internet, yielding speed tests over 900 Mbps up and down. Low latency. No dropped packets. Hooray! Good outcome.

Pulling CAT6 in-unit

While I wouldn't be able to replace the home run CAT3 to my unit easily, I did decide that having a wired network is very important to my home network configuration.

I wanted to be able to install a small rack as a media closet, and that was located 80 feet away from the termination point. I also wanted to hardwire my office computers, pull CAT6 to the television mounts to do HDMI-over-HDBase, etc.

In the end I pulled over 2,400 feet of CAT6 throughout my condo and was able to bring online 20 CAT6 jacks.

Steel studs

My condo does not have wood studs, but instead steel, supporting the walls.

Metal studs are perforated already with holes for wires to be pulled through, as long as you remember to use wire grommits to protect from fraying and damaging the wire.

A positive for metal studs is that there's no drilling through wood fire blocks or studs themselves, as long as you can carefully fish wire through the existing wire holes.

Interior vs exterior walls

Our condo association rules are well-defined and strict about any changes to "limited common" shared walls. While it's easy to run wires within my interior walls, I'm not able to just run cable through the shared walls, and instead would need to use exposed concrete, wire behind the baseboards, or under the floors. I've had to use all of these approaches in my unit.

In my office I run speaker wire, several CAT6 pulls, and 2x digital optical audio cables through the floor instead of the shared wall with an adjacent unit.

Drop ceilings

Thankfully my unit's utilities tend to run in the ceiling above the kitchen, bathrooms and other spaces. The living areas have no drop ceiling, so there is only concrete above, leaving no wiring space.

Here's a look inside the ceiling above a bathroom - lots of electrical steel conduit.

Challenges include:

• Not running network cable parallel to electrical when close
• Pulling conduit and wire with minimal wall damage and patching
• Navigating obstacles including fire systems and forced air ducts

In several locations I decided to run flex conduit to make pulling wire later easier, and then have both CAT6 and speaker wire running inside. Here you can see a flex conduit coupling, ductwork, sprinker system water pipes, and the hot and cold water pipes running above the kitchen cabinets:

Old work low voltage boxes are used where CAT6 terminates in closets, along walls and other locations. Besides the service loop with 2x CAT6 runs is also pull cord to make future changes easier.

References

Some interesting resources I found while researching parts of this post:

• https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/2m3awz/we_are_the_founders_of_condointernet_and_were/
• http://www.bbpmag.com/2013mags/october/BBC_Oct13_CondoInternet.pdf
• http://www.geekwire.com/2013/spectrum-wave-condointernet/
• http://www.geekwire.com/2013/condointernet-expands-service-ballard/
• http://www.bbpmag.com/2013mags/october/BBC_Oct13_CondoInternet.pdf
• https://twitter.com/TimB0nd/status/985638564984573952